Advanced RAG (Chunking, Reranking, Hybrid Search)

You built a basic RAG pipeline in Lesson 06. It works for straightforward questions on a small corpus. Now try these:

Ambiguous query: "What was revenue last quarter?" Semantic search returns chunks about revenue strategy, revenue projections, and the CFO's thoughts on revenue growth. All semantically similar to the word "revenue." None containing the actual number. The correct chunk says "$47.2M in Q3 2025" but uses the word "earnings" instead of "revenue." The embedding model thinks "revenue strategy" is closer to the query than "Q3 earnings were $47.2M."

Multi-hop question: "Which team had the highest customer satisfaction score improvement?" This requires finding the satisfaction scores for each team, comparing them, and identifying the maximum. No single chunk contains the answer. The information is scattered across team reports.

Large corpus problem: You have 2 million chunks. The correct answer is in chunk #1,847,293. Your top-5 retrieval pulls chunks #14, #89,201, #1,200,000, #44, and #901,333. Close in embedding space, but none containing the answer. At this scale, approximate nearest neighbor search introduces enough error that relevant results get pushed out of the top-k.

Basic RAG fails because vector similarity is not the same as relevance. A chunk can be semantically similar to a query without being useful for answering it. Advanced RAG addresses this with four techniques: hybrid search (add keyword matching), reranking (score candidates more carefully), query transformation (fix the query before searching), and better chunking (retrieve at the right granularity).

Hybrid Search: Semantic + Keyword

Semantic search (vector similarity) is good at understanding meaning. "How do I cancel my subscription?" matches "Steps to terminate your plan" even though they share no words. But it misses exact matches. "Error code E-4021" might not match a chunk containing "E-4021" if the embedding model treats it as noise.

Keyword search (BM25) is the opposite. It excels at exact matches. "E-4021" matches perfectly. But "cancel my subscription" returns zero results if the document says "terminate your plan."

Hybrid search runs both, then merges the results.

BM25 (Best Matching 25) is the standard keyword search algorithm. It has been the backbone of search engines since the 1990s. The formula:

BM25(q, d) = sum over terms t in q:
    IDF(t) * (tf(t,d) * (k1 + 1)) / (tf(t,d) + k1 * (1 - b + b * |d| / avgdl))

Where tf(t,d) is the term frequency of t in document d, IDF(t) is the inverse document frequency, |d| is the document length, avgdl is the average document length, k1 controls term frequency saturation (default 1.2), and b controls length normalization (default 0.75).

In plain terms: BM25 scores documents higher when they contain query terms (especially rare ones), but with diminishing returns for repeated terms. A document with the word "revenue" 50 times is not 50x more relevant than one with it once.

Reciprocal Rank Fusion (RRF)

You have two ranked lists: one from vector search, one from BM25. How do you combine them? Reciprocal Rank Fusion is the standard approach.

RRF_score(d) = sum over rankings R:
    1 / (k + rank_R(d))

Where k is a constant (typically 60) that prevents the top-ranked result from dominating.

A document ranked #1 in vector search and #5 in BM25 gets: 1/(60+1) + 1/(60+5) = 0.0164 + 0.0154 = 0.0318

A document ranked #3 in vector search and #2 in BM25 gets: 1/(60+3) + 1/(60+2) = 0.0159 + 0.0161 = 0.0320

RRF naturally balances the two signals. A document that ranks highly in both lists gets the best score. A document that ranks #1 in one list but is absent from the other gets a moderate score. This is robust because it uses ranks, not raw scores, so differences in score distributions between the two systems do not matter.

Reranking

Retrieval (whether vector, keyword, or hybrid) is fast but imprecise. It uses bi-encoders: the query and each document are embedded independently, then compared. The embeddings are computed once and cached. This scales to millions of documents.

Reranking uses cross-encoders: the query and a candidate document are fed together into a model that outputs a relevance score. The model sees both texts simultaneously and can capture fine-grained interactions between them. A cross-encoder can understand that "What were Q3 earnings?" is highly relevant to a chunk containing "$47.2M in Q3" even if a bi-encoder missed the connection.

The trade-off: cross-encoders are 100-1000x slower than bi-encoders because they process the query-document pair jointly. You cannot pre-compute cross-encoder scores for a million documents. The solution: retrieve a larger candidate set (top-50 from hybrid search), then rerank with a cross-encoder to get the final top-5.

Common reranking models (2026 lineup):

• Cohere Rerank 3.5: managed API, multilingual, best recall gain on mixed corpora
• Voyage rerank-2.5: managed API, lowest latency of the hosted options
• Jina-Reranker-v2 Multilingual: open-weight, 100+ languages
• bge-reranker-v2-m3: open-weight, strong baseline
• cross-encoder/ms-marco-MiniLM-L-6-v2: open-weight, runs on CPU for prototyping
• ColBERTv2 / Jina-ColBERT-v2: late-interaction multi-vector rerankers, with scoring that is O(tokens) rather than O(docs)

Query Transformation

Sometimes the problem is not retrieval but the query itself. "What was that thing about the new policy change?" is a terrible search query. It contains no specific terms. The embedding is vague. A retrieval system has nothing to match on.

Query rewriting: rephrase the user's query into a better search query. An LLM can do this:

User: "What was that thing about the new policy change?"
Rewritten: "Recent policy changes and updates"

HyDE (Hypothetical Document Embeddings): instead of searching with the query, generate a hypothetical answer, embed that, and search for similar real documents.

Query: "What is the refund policy for enterprise?"
Hypothetical answer: "Enterprise customers are eligible for a full refund
within 60 days of purchase. Refunds are pro-rated based on the remaining
subscription period and processed within 5-7 business days."

Embed the hypothetical answer and search for real documents similar to it. The intuition: the hypothetical answer lives closer in embedding space to the real answer than the original question does. Questions and answers have different linguistic structures. By generating a hypothetical answer, you bridge the gap between "question space" and "answer space" in the embedding.

HyDE adds one LLM call before retrieval. This increases latency by 500-2000ms. Worth it when retrieval quality is poor on raw queries.

Parent-Child Chunking

Standard chunking forces a trade-off: small chunks for precise retrieval, large chunks for sufficient context. Parent-child chunking sidesteps it by using two sizes.

Index small chunks (128 tokens) for retrieval. When a small chunk is retrieved, return its parent chunk (512 tokens) for the prompt. The small chunk matches the query precisely. The parent chunk provides enough context for the LLM to generate a good answer.

The query "enterprise refund?" matches child chunk C2 precisely. But the prompt receives the full parent chunk P, which includes the surrounding context about processing time and submission process.

Metadata Filtering

Before running vector search, filter the corpus by metadata: date, source, category, author, language. This reduces the search space and prevents irrelevant results.

"What changed in the security policy last month?" should only search documents from the last 30 days in the security category. Without metadata filtering, you search the entire corpus and might retrieve a 2-year-old security document that happens to be semantically similar.

Production RAG systems store metadata alongside each chunk: source document, creation date, category, author, version. Vector databases support pre-filtering by metadata before similarity search, which is critical for performance at scale.

Evaluation

You built a RAG system. How do you know if it works? Three metrics:

Retrieval relevance (Recall@k): for a set of test questions with known relevant documents, what percentage of relevant documents appear in the top-k results? If the answer to a question is in chunk #47, does chunk #47 appear in the top-5?

Faithfulness: is the generated answer grounded in the retrieved documents? If the retrieved chunks say "60-day refund window" and the model says "90-day refund window," that is a faithfulness failure. The model hallucinated despite having the correct context.

Answer correctness: does the generated answer match the expected answer? This is the end-to-end metric. It combines retrieval quality and generation quality.

A simple faithfulness check: take each claim in the generated answer and verify it appears (in substance) in the retrieved chunks. If the answer contains a fact not in any retrieved chunk, it is likely hallucinated.

Step 1: BM25 Implementation

import math
from collections import Counter
 
class BM25:
    def __init__(self, k1=1.2, b=0.75):
        self.k1 = k1
        self.b = b
        self.docs = []
        self.doc_lengths = []
        self.avg_dl = 0
        self.doc_freqs = {}
        self.n_docs = 0
 
    def index(self, documents):
        self.docs = documents
        self.n_docs = len(documents)
        self.doc_lengths = []
        self.doc_freqs = {}
 
        for doc in documents:
            words = doc.lower().split()
            self.doc_lengths.append(len(words))
            unique_words = set(words)
            for word in unique_words:
                self.doc_freqs[word] = self.doc_freqs.get(word, 0) + 1
 
        self.avg_dl = sum(self.doc_lengths) / self.n_docs if self.n_docs else 1
 
    def score(self, query, doc_idx):
        query_words = query.lower().split()
        doc_words = self.docs[doc_idx].lower().split()
        doc_len = self.doc_lengths[doc_idx]
        word_counts = Counter(doc_words)
        score = 0.0
 
        for term in query_words:
            if term not in word_counts:
                continue
            tf = word_counts[term]
            df = self.doc_freqs.get(term, 0)
            idf = math.log((self.n_docs - df + 0.5) / (df + 0.5) + 1)
            numerator = tf * (self.k1 + 1)
            denominator = tf + self.k1 * (1 - self.b + self.b * doc_len / self.avg_dl)
            score += idf * numerator / denominator
 
        return score
 
    def search(self, query, top_k=10):
        scores = [(i, self.score(query, i)) for i in range(self.n_docs)]
        scores.sort(key=lambda x: x[1], reverse=True)
        return scores[:top_k]

Step 2: Reciprocal Rank Fusion

def reciprocal_rank_fusion(ranked_lists, k=60):
    scores = {}
    for ranked_list in ranked_lists:
        for rank, (doc_id, _) in enumerate(ranked_list):
            if doc_id not in scores:
                scores[doc_id] = 0.0
            scores[doc_id] += 1.0 / (k + rank + 1)
    fused = sorted(scores.items(), key=lambda x: x[1], reverse=True)
    return fused

Step 3: Hybrid Search Pipeline

def hybrid_search(query, chunks, vector_embeddings, vocab, idf, bm25_index, top_k=5, fusion_k=60):
    query_emb = tfidf_embed(query, vocab, idf)
    vector_results = search(query_emb, vector_embeddings, top_k=top_k * 3)
    bm25_results = bm25_index.search(query, top_k=top_k * 3)
    fused = reciprocal_rank_fusion([vector_results, bm25_results], k=fusion_k)
    return fused[:top_k]

Step 4: Simple Reranker

In production, you would use a cross-encoder model. Here we build a reranker that scores query-document relevance using word overlap, term importance, and phrase matching.

def rerank(query, candidates, chunks):
    query_words = set(query.lower().split())
    stop_words = {"the", "a", "an", "is", "are", "was", "were", "what", "how",
                  "why", "when", "where", "do", "does", "for", "of", "in", "to",
                  "and", "or", "on", "at", "by", "it", "its", "this", "that",
                  "with", "from", "be", "has", "have", "had", "not", "but"}
    query_terms = query_words - stop_words
 
    scored = []
    for doc_id, initial_score in candidates:
        chunk = chunks[doc_id].lower()
        chunk_words = set(chunk.split())
 
        term_overlap = len(query_terms & chunk_words)
 
        query_bigrams = set()
        q_list = [w for w in query.lower().split() if w not in stop_words]
        for i in range(len(q_list) - 1):
            query_bigrams.add(q_list[i] + " " + q_list[i + 1])
        bigram_matches = sum(1 for bg in query_bigrams if bg in chunk)
 
        position_boost = 0
        for term in query_terms:
            pos = chunk.find(term)
            if pos != -1 and pos < len(chunk) // 3:
                position_boost += 0.5
 
        rerank_score = (
            term_overlap * 1.0
            + bigram_matches * 2.0
            + position_boost
            + initial_score * 5.0
        )
        scored.append((doc_id, rerank_score))
 
    scored.sort(key=lambda x: x[1], reverse=True)
    return scored

Step 5: HyDE (Hypothetical Document Embeddings)

def hyde_generate_hypothesis(query):
    templates = {
        "what": "The answer to '{query}' is as follows: Based on our documentation, {topic} involves specific policies and procedures that define how the process works.",
        "how": "To address '{query}': The process involves several steps. First, you need to initiate the request. Then, the system processes it according to the defined rules.",
        "default": "Regarding '{query}': Our records indicate specific details and policies related to this topic that provide a comprehensive answer."
    }
    query_lower = query.lower()
    if query_lower.startswith("what"):
        template = templates["what"]
    elif query_lower.startswith("how"):
        template = templates["how"]
    else:
        template = templates["default"]
 
    topic_words = [w for w in query.lower().split()
                   if w not in {"what", "is", "the", "how", "do", "does", "a", "an",
                                "for", "of", "to", "in", "on", "at", "by", "and", "or"}]
    topic = " ".join(topic_words) if topic_words else "this topic"
 
    return template.format(query=query, topic=topic)
 
 
def hyde_search(query, chunks, vector_embeddings, vocab, idf, top_k=5):
    hypothesis = hyde_generate_hypothesis(query)
    hypothesis_emb = tfidf_embed(hypothesis, vocab, idf)
    results = search(hypothesis_emb, vector_embeddings, top_k)
    return results, hypothesis

Step 6: Parent-Child Chunking

def create_parent_child_chunks(text, parent_size=200, child_size=50):
    words = text.split()
    parents = []
    children = []
    child_to_parent = {}
 
    parent_idx = 0
    start = 0
    while start < len(words):
        parent_end = min(start + parent_size, len(words))
        parent_text = " ".join(words[start:parent_end])
        parents.append(parent_text)
 
        child_start = start
        while child_start < parent_end:
            child_end = min(child_start + child_size, parent_end)
            child_text = " ".join(words[child_start:child_end])
            child_idx = len(children)
            children.append(child_text)
            child_to_parent[child_idx] = parent_idx
            child_start += child_size
 
        parent_idx += 1
        start += parent_size
 
    return parents, children, child_to_parent

Step 7: Faithfulness Evaluation

def evaluate_faithfulness(answer, retrieved_chunks):
    answer_sentences = [s.strip() for s in answer.split(".") if len(s.strip()) > 10]
    if not answer_sentences:
        return 1.0, []
 
    grounded = 0
    ungrounded = []
    context = " ".join(retrieved_chunks).lower()
 
    for sentence in answer_sentences:
        words = set(sentence.lower().split())
        stop_words = {"the", "a", "an", "is", "are", "was", "were", "and", "or",
                      "to", "of", "in", "for", "on", "at", "by", "it", "this", "that"}
        content_words = words - stop_words
        if not content_words:
            grounded += 1
            continue
 
        matched = sum(1 for w in content_words if w in context)
        ratio = matched / len(content_words) if content_words else 0
 
        if ratio >= 0.5:
            grounded += 1
        else:
            ungrounded.append(sentence)
 
    score = grounded / len(answer_sentences) if answer_sentences else 1.0
    return score, ungrounded
 
 
def evaluate_retrieval_recall(queries_with_relevant, retrieval_fn, k=5):
    total_recall = 0.0
    results = []
 
    for query, relevant_indices in queries_with_relevant:
        retrieved = retrieval_fn(query, k)
        retrieved_indices = set(idx for idx, _ in retrieved)
        relevant_set = set(relevant_indices)
        hits = len(retrieved_indices & relevant_set)
        recall = hits / len(relevant_set) if relevant_set else 1.0
        total_recall += recall
        results.append({
            "query": query,
            "recall": recall,
            "hits": hits,
            "total_relevant": len(relevant_set)
        })
 
    avg_recall = total_recall / len(queries_with_relevant) if queries_with_relevant else 0
    return avg_recall, results

With a real cross-encoder for reranking:

from sentence_transformers import CrossEncoder
 
reranker = CrossEncoder("cross-encoder/ms-marco-MiniLM-L-6-v2")
 
def rerank_with_cross_encoder(query, candidates, chunks, top_k=5):
    pairs = [(query, chunks[doc_id]) for doc_id, _ in candidates]
    scores = reranker.predict(pairs)
    scored = list(zip([doc_id for doc_id, _ in candidates], scores))
    scored.sort(key=lambda x: x[1], reverse=True)
    return scored[:top_k]

With Cohere's managed reranker:

import cohere
 
co = cohere.Client()
 
def rerank_with_cohere(query, candidates, chunks, top_k=5):
    docs = [chunks[doc_id] for doc_id, _ in candidates]
    response = co.rerank(
        model="rerank-english-v3.0",
        query=query,
        documents=docs,
        top_n=top_k
    )
    return [(candidates[r.index][0], r.relevance_score) for r in response.results]

For HyDE with a real LLM:

import anthropic
 
client = anthropic.Anthropic()
 
def hyde_with_llm(query):
    response = client.messages.create(
        model="claude-sonnet-4-20250514",
        max_tokens=256,
        messages=[{
            "role": "user",
            "content": f"Write a short paragraph that would be a good answer to this question. Do not say you don't know. Just write what the answer would look like.\n\nQuestion: {query}"
        }]
    )
    return response.content[0].text

For production hybrid search with Weaviate:

import weaviate
 
client = weaviate.connect_to_local()
 
collection = client.collections.get("Documents")
response = collection.query.hybrid(
    query="enterprise refund policy",
    alpha=0.5,
    limit=10
)

The alpha parameter controls the balance: 0.0 = pure keyword (BM25), 1.0 = pure vector, 0.5 = equal weight. Most production systems use alpha between 0.3 and 0.7.

This lesson produces:

• outputs/prompt-advanced-rag-debugger.md -- a prompt for diagnosing and fixing RAG quality issues
• outputs/skill-advanced-rag.md -- a skill for building production-grade RAG with hybrid search and reranking

1. Compare BM25 vs vector search vs hybrid search on the sample documents. For each of the 5 test queries, record which approach returns the most relevant chunk in position #1. Hybrid search should win on at least 3 out of 5.

2. Implement a metadata filter. Add a "category" field to each document (security, billing, api, product). Before running vector search, filter chunks to only the relevant category. Test with "What encryption is used?" and verify it only searches security-category chunks.

3. Build a full HyDE pipeline using the simple generate function from Lesson 06. Compare retrieval quality (top-3 relevance) between direct query search and HyDE search on all 5 test queries. HyDE should improve results for vague queries.

4. Implement the parent-child chunking strategy on the sample documents. Use child_size=30 and parent_size=100. Search with child chunks but return parent chunks in the prompt. Compare the generated answers to standard chunking with chunk_size=50.

5. Create an evaluation dataset: 10 questions with known answer chunks. Measure Recall@3, Recall@5, and Recall@10 for (a) vector search only, (b) BM25 only, (c) hybrid search, (d) hybrid + reranking. Plot the results and identify where reranking helps most.

• Robertson & Zaragoza, "The Probabilistic Relevance Framework: BM25 and Beyond" (2009) -- the definitive reference for BM25, explaining the probabilistic foundations behind the formula
• Cormack et al., "Reciprocal Rank Fusion Outperforms Condorcet and Individual Rank Learning Methods" (2009) -- the original RRF paper showing it beats more complex fusion methods
• Gao et al., "Precise Zero-Shot Dense Retrieval without Relevance Labels" (2022) -- the HyDE paper demonstrating that hypothetical document embeddings improve retrieval without any training data
• Nogueira & Cho, "Passage Re-ranking with BERT" (2019) -- showed cross-encoder reranking on top of BM25 significantly improves retrieval quality
• Khattab et al., "DSPy: Compiling Declarative Language Model Calls into Self-Improving Pipelines" (2023) -- treats prompt construction and weight selection as an optimization problem over retrieval pipelines; read this for "program LLMs" instead of "prompt LLMs."
• Edge et al., "From Local to Global: A Graph RAG Approach to Query-Focused Summarization" (Microsoft Research 2024) -- GraphRAG paper: entity-relation extraction + Leiden community detection for query-focused summarization; the global vs local retrieval distinction.
• Asai et al., "Self-RAG: Learning to Retrieve, Generate, and Critique through Self-Reflection" (ICLR 2024) -- self-evaluating RAG with reflection tokens; the agentic frontier past static retrieve-then-generate.
• LangChain Query Construction blog -- how to translate natural-language queries into structured database queries (Text-to-SQL, Cypher) as a pre-retrieval step.