Prompt Caching and Context Caching

A coding agent sends the same 15,000-token system prompt to Claude on every turn of a conversation. Twenty turns at $3/M input tokens is $0.90 in input cost alone, before any of the user's actual messages. Multiply by 10,000 daily conversations and the bill hits $9,000/day for text that never changes.

You cannot shrink the prompt without hurting quality. You cannot skip sending it, because the model needs it on each turn. The only move is to stop paying full price for a prefix the provider has already seen.

That move is prompt caching. Anthropic shipped it in August 2024 (with a 1-hour extended-TTL variant in 2025), OpenAI automated it later that year, Google shipped explicit context caching alongside Gemini 1.5, and all three now offer it as a first-class feature on their frontier models.

The mechanic. When a request's prefix matches one from a recent request, the provider serves the KV-cache from the previous run instead of re-encoding the tokens. You pay a small write premium the first time and a large read discount every time after.

Three provider flavors in 2026.

The invariant. All three cache prefixes only. If any token differs between requests, everything after the first differing token is a miss. Put the stable parts at the top, the variable parts at the bottom.

The cache-friendly layout

[system prompt]          <-- cache this
[tool definitions]       <-- cache this
[few-shot examples]      <-- cache this
[retrieved documents]    <-- cache if reused, else don't
[conversation history]   <-- cache up to last turn
[current user message]   <-- never cache (different every time)

Violate the order by putting the user message above the system prompt, or by interleaving dynamic retrievals between few-shots, and the cache will not hit.

The break-even calculation

Anthropic's 25% write premium means a cached block has to be read at least once to net-save money. 1 write + 1 read averages 0.675x cost per request (saves 32%); 1 write + 10 reads averages 0.205x (saves 80%). Rule of thumb: cache anything you expect to reuse at least 3 times within the TTL.

Step 1: Anthropic prompt caching with explicit markers

import anthropic
 
client = anthropic.Anthropic()
 
SYSTEM = [
    {
        "type": "text",
        "text": "You are a senior Python reviewer. Follow the rubric exactly.\n\n" + RUBRIC_15K_TOKENS,
        "cache_control": {"type": "ephemeral"},
    }
]
 
def review(code: str):
    return client.messages.create(
        model="claude-opus-4-7",
        max_tokens=1024,
        system=SYSTEM,
        messages=[{"role": "user", "content": code}],
    )

The cache_control marker tells Anthropic to store the block for 5 minutes. Reuse within that window hits; reuse after expires and writes again.

Response usage fields:

response = review(code_a)
response.usage
# InputTokensUsage(
#     input_tokens=120,
#     cache_creation_input_tokens=15023,   # paid at 1.25x
#     cache_read_input_tokens=0,
#     output_tokens=340,
# )
 
response_b = review(code_b)
response_b.usage
# cache_creation_input_tokens=0
# cache_read_input_tokens=15023           # paid at 0.1x

Check both fields in CI. If cache_read_input_tokens stays at zero across requests, your cache keys are drifting.

Step 2: one-hour extended TTL

For long-running batch jobs, the 5-minute default expires between jobs. Set ttl:

{"type": "text", "text": RUBRIC, "cache_control": {"type": "ephemeral", "ttl": "1h"}}

1-hour TTL costs 2x the write premium (50% over baseline instead of 25%) but pays back fast on any batch reusing the prefix more than 5 times.

Step 3: OpenAI automatic caching

OpenAI gives you nothing to configure. Any prefix over 1,024 tokens that matches a recent request gets a 50% discount automatically.

from openai import OpenAI
client = OpenAI()
 
resp = client.chat.completions.create(
    model="gpt-5",
    messages=[
        {"role": "system", "content": SYSTEM_PROMPT},   # long and stable
        {"role": "user", "content": user_msg},
    ],
)
resp.usage.prompt_tokens_details.cached_tokens  # the discounted portion

Same cache-friendly layout rule applies. Changing the user field (used as a cache key component) breaks OpenAI's cache and not Anthropic's. Reordering tools breaks both, since tool definitions are part of the cached prefix.

Step 4: Gemini explicit context caching

Gemini treats the cache as a first-class object you create and name:

from google import genai
from google.genai import types
 
client = genai.Client()
 
cache = client.caches.create(
    model="gemini-3-pro",
    config=types.CreateCachedContentConfig(
        display_name="rubric-v3",
        system_instruction=RUBRIC,
        contents=[FEW_SHOT_EXAMPLES],
        ttl="3600s",
    ),
)
 
resp = client.models.generate_content(
    model="gemini-3-pro",
    contents=["Review this code:\n" + code],
    config=types.GenerateContentConfig(cached_content=cache.name),
)

Gemini charges storage per token·hour for as long as the cache lives, and reads at ~25% of normal input rate. This is the right shape when you reuse the same giant prompt across many sessions over days.

Step 5: measuring hit rate in production

See code/main.py for a simulated three-provider accountant that tracks write/read/miss counts and computes blended cost per 1K requests. Gate deploys on a target hit rate. Most production Anthropic setups should see >80% read fraction after warmup.

• Dynamic timestamps at the top. "Current time: 2026-04-22 15:30:02" at the top of the system prompt. Every request misses. Move timestamps below the cache breakpoint.
• Tool reordering. Serialize tools in a stable order, because a dict reshuffle between deploys breaks the hits.
• Free-text near-duplicates. "You are helpful." vs "You are a helpful assistant." A one-byte difference is a full miss.
• Too-small blocks. Anthropic enforces a 1,024-token floor (2,048 for Haiku). Smaller blocks silently do not cache.
• Blind cost dashboards. Split "input tokens" into cached vs uncached. Otherwise a traffic drop looks like a cache win.

The 2026 caching stack:

Combine with semantic caching (Phase 11 · 11) for the user-message layer: prompt caching handles token-identical reuse, semantic caching handles meaning-identical reuse.

Save outputs/skill-prompt-caching-planner.md:

---
name: prompt-caching-planner
description: Design a cache-friendly prompt layout and pick the right provider caching mode.
version: 1.0.0
phase: 11
lesson: 15
tags: [llm-engineering, caching, cost]
---
 
Given a prompt (system + tools + few-shot + retrieval + history + user) and a usage profile (requests per hour, TTL needed, provider), output:
 
1. Layout. Reordered sections with a single cache breakpoint marked; explain which sections are stable, which are volatile.
2. Provider mode. Anthropic cache_control, OpenAI automatic, or Gemini CachedContent. Justify from TTL and reuse pattern.
3. Break-even. Expected reads per write within TTL; net cost vs no-cache with math.
4. Verification plan. CI assertion that cache_read_input_tokens > 0 on the second identical request; dashboard split by cached vs uncached tokens.
5. Failure modes. List the three most likely reasons the cache will miss in this setup (dynamic timestamp, tool reorder, near-duplicate text) and how you will prevent each.
 
Refuse to ship a cache plan that places a dynamic field above the breakpoint. Refuse to enable 1h TTL without a reuse count that makes the 2x write premium pay back.

1. Easy. Take a 10-turn conversation with a 5,000-token system prompt against Claude. Run it without cache_control and then with. Report the input-token bill for each.
2. Medium. Write a test harness that, given a prompt template and a request log, computes the expected hit rate and dollar savings per provider (Anthropic 5m, Anthropic 1h, OpenAI automatic, Gemini explicit).
3. Hard. Build a layout optimizer: given a prompt and a list of fields marked stable=True/False, rewrite the prompt to put a single cache breakpoint at the maximum cache-friendly position without losing information. Verify on a real Anthropic endpoint.

• Anthropic: Prompt caching: cache_control, 1h TTL, break-even tables.
• OpenAI: Prompt caching: automatic prefix matching.
• Google: Context caching: CachedContent API and storage pricing.
• Anthropic engineering: Prompt caching for long-context workloads: original launch post with latency numbers.
• Phase 11 · 05 (Context Engineering): where to slice the prompt so the cache can land.
• Phase 11 · 11 (Caching and Cost): pair prompt caching with a semantic cache on user messages.
• Pope et al., "Efficiently Scaling Transformer Inference" (2022): the KV-cache memory model that prompt caching exposes to users; explains why a cached prefix is ~10× cheaper to reread than to recompute.
• Agrawal et al., "SARATHI: Efficient LLM Inference by Piggybacking Decodes with Chunked Prefills" (2023): prefill is the phase prompt caching shortcuts; this paper explains why TTFT drops dramatically on cache hit while TPOT is unaffected.
• Leviathan et al., "Fast Inference from Transformers via Speculative Decoding" (2023): prompt caching sits alongside speculative decoding, Flash Attention, and MQA/GQA as levers that bend the inference cost curve; read this for the other three.